| Table 1. The prevalence of bacterial, viral and parasitic infections during pregnancy. |
| Type |
Pathogens |
Prevalence |
Reference |
| Bacteria |
Chlamydia trachomatis |
2.57% |
(Mylonas, 2012) |
| Neisseria gonorrhea |
0.7% to 7%, |
(Rao et al., 2008) |
| Neisseria gonorrhea (risk group) |
15 - 35% |
(Benzaken et al., 2006) |
| Treponema pallidum |
0.71% |
(Gottlieb et al., 2008) |
| Herpes Simplex Virus |
2% |
(Brown et al., 2005) |
| Parasites |
Trypanosoma cruzi |
1% to 40% |
(Martins-Melo et al., 2014) |
| Toxoplasma gondii |
8% - 22% |
(Hill & Dubey, 2016) |
| Plasmodium falciparum |
2.9% |
(Kourtis et al., 2014) |
| Virus |
Parvovirus B19 (endemic period) |
1.5% |
(Valeur-Jensen et al., 1999) |
| Parvovirus B19 (epidemic period) |
13.0% |
(Valeur-Jensen et al., 1999) |
| |
Cytomegalovirus |
0.3% |
(Preece et al., 1986) |
| Varicella Zoster |
0.16% - 0.46% |
(Helmuth et al., 2015) |
| ZIKV |
0.88% |
(Johansson et al., 2016) |