| Table 1. Overview of heterotopic cervical pregnancy case reports | ||||||
| Author (year) | Maternal age | Method of conception | Gestational age at diagnosis | Treatment | Pregnancy outcome | Presenting symptom / Complications |
| Current paper | 39 | IVF | 7w 5d | Spontaneous elimination of the CG after patient sedation, cervical (US guided) | C-section (39w) | Asymptomatic |
| Saito et al.,2018 |
39 | IVF | 5w 2d | CG extraction with forceps (US guided) | C-section (36w) | Vaginal bleeding / Blood transfusion, total placenta accreta, hysterectomy |
| Punhani et al., 2016 |
34 | IVF | 8w | Local injection of KCl, uterine artery embolization,MTX IM, curettage | Intentional interruption | Vaginal bleeding / Blood transfusion |
| Pinto et al., 2016 |
35 | IVF+ICSI | 7w 2d | Cervical curettage (US guided) | C-section (39w) | Asymptomatic |
| Subedi et al., 2016 |
33 | IVF | 5w | Uterine artery embolization, aspiration, hysteroscopic removal with forceps | Intentional interruption | Vaginal bleeding |
| Elena et al., 2016 |
37 | IVF | 5w | Aspiration and cervical curettage, cerclage | Vaginal delivery (35.4w) | Asymptomatic / Bleeding, pelvic pain |
| Tsakos et al., 2015 |
41 | IVF | 5w 3d | CG aspiration, Foley catheter insertion, cerclage | C-section (38w) | Asymptomatic |
| Lin et al., 2013 |
32 | IVF | 8w | Cervical curettage, electro-cauterization | Maintenance of IU pregnancy (did not specify) | Vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain / Triplet gestation: association with tubal gestation |
| Uysal & Uysal, 2013 | 31 | Spontaneous | 6w | Local injection of KCl, CG aspiration, Foley catheter insertion, cerclage | Delivery (38w) | Vaginal bleeding |
| Moragianni et al., 2012 |
40 | IVF | 7w 3d | CG extraction with forceps, Foley catheter insertion, cerclage | C-section (39w) | Vaginal bleeding |
| Kim et al., 2012 |
36 | IVF | 5w 2d | CG extraction with forceps (US guided) | C-section (40w 5d) | Vaginal bleeding |
| Deka et al., 2012 |
38 | IVF | 11w 1d | Local injection of KCl and MTX | C-section (36w 4d) | Vaginal bleeding |
| Fasching bauer et al.,2011 |
25 | Spontaneous / Stimulation (clomiphene citrate) | 9w | CG aspiration (US guided), cerclage | Vaginal delivery (39w 3d) | Vaginal bleeding |
| Sijanovic, et al., 2011 |
30 | Spontaneous | 6-7w | Local injection of MTX | Vaginal delivery (39w) | Vaginal bleeding |
| Sánchez-Ferrer et al., 2011 |
33 | IVF | 6w 5d | Intra-arterial injection of MTX, uterine artery embolization | Intentional interruption | Vaginal bleeding |
| Hafner et al., 2010 |
34 | IVF | 6w | Foley catheter insertion (US guided), cerclage, ligation of descending cervical branches of the uterine arteries, systemic MTX | Intentional interruption | Vaginal bleeding |
| Shah et al., 2009 |
34 | IVF+ICSI | 7w | CG aspiration (US guided), prophylactic placement of hypogastric arteries occlusion balloons before delivery | C-section (37w) | Asymptomatic / Bleeding after aspiration |
| Hoshino et al., 2009 |
37 | IVF | 6w | CG extraction with forceps and curettage (US guided) | C-section (38w) | Vaginal bleeding |
| Kim et al., 2009 |
30 | Spontaneous | 8w | CG aspiration (US guided), Foley catheter insertion | C-section (37w) | Asymptomatic / Bleeding during aspiration, cervical hematoma |
| Majumdar et al., 2009 |
36 | IVF | 7w 5d | Local injection of KCl (US guided) | C-section (31w) | Vaginal bleeding / IUGR, acute fetal distress |
| Nitke et al., 2007 |
45 | IVF | Uterine arteries MTX injection | Intentional interruption | Asymptomatic / Triplet gestation: 2 cervical gestational sacs | |
| Suzuki et al., 2007 |
35 | IVF | 5w 3d | CG aspiration and local injection of 33% glucose solution | C-section (34w) | Asymptomatic / Bleeding, cervical hematoma |
| Prorocic & Vasiljevic, 2007 | 31 | IVF | 6w | CG aspiration and local injection of hypertonic solution of sodium chloride | Normal gestational course until 12w (time of report) | Vaginal bleeding / Triplet gestation: 2 IU embryos |
| Honda et al., 2005 |
40 | IVF+ICSI | 6w | Local injection of vasopressin, cervical curettage, local injection of MTX | Delivery (38w) | Vaginal bleeding |
| Feinberg & Confino, 2004 | 35 | IVF | - | CG electro-cauterization (US guided) and extraction with forceps | Term vaginal delivery | Asymptomatic |
| Gyamfi et al., 2004 |
34 | IVF | 6w | Local injection of KCl and aspiration | C-section (31w) | Vaginal bleeding, back pain / Bleeding, hysterectomy, blood transfusion |
| Kumar et al., 2004 |
32 | Spontaneous | 7w | Local injection of KCl (US guided) | C-section (35w) | Bleeding / Impending eclampsia, bleeding, ligation of anterior division of both internal iliac arteries, blood transfusion |
| Jozwiak et al., 2003 |
37 | IVF+ICSI | 7w 4d | CG electro-cauterization (US guided), cerclage (12w) | C-section (38w) | Asymptomatic |
| Oláh, 2003 | 34 | IVF | 12w | Local injection of KCl | C-section (36w) | Vaginal bleeding / Bleeding, hysterectomy, blood transfusion, DIC |
| Porpora et al., 2003 | 29 | Spontaneous | 6w | CG aspiration (US guided) | Abortion (1d after aspiration) | Asymptomatic / Bleeding |
| (Seow et al., 2002) | 29 | IVF | 5w | CG extraction with forceps (US guided) | C-section (37w) | Vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain / Triplet gestation: 2 IU embryos |
| Mashiach et al., 2002 | 34 | IVF | 8w 3d | Cerclage (Shirodkar) | Vaginal delivery (39w) | - |
| Chen et al., 2001 | 35 | IVF | 7w 4d | CG aspiration (US guided), local injection of KCl, cerclage (10w) | C-section (38w) | Vaginal bleeding / Bleeding |
| Al-azemi et al., 1999 | 32 | IVF | 6w | Local injection of KCl and MTX (US guided), aspiration | C-section (30w) | Vaginal bleeding / Bleeding after aspiration, premature amniorrhexis |
| Honey et al., 1999 | 37 | IVF | 7w 4d | Uterine arteries embolization, local injection of KCl | Abortion | Vaginal bleeding / Bleeding, blood transfusion, chorioamnionitis, hysterectomy |
| Bratta et al., 1996 | 30 | - | 7w | MTX IM (2x) | Intentional interruption | Asymptomatic / Bleeding |
| Peleg et al., 1994 | 35 | IVF | 7w | MTX IM, uterine arteries MTX injection, uterine curettage | Intentional interruption | Vaginal bleeding / Bleeding, blood transfusion |
| Bayati et al., 1989 | 38 | IVF | 11w 2d | Uterine aspiration and curettage, ligation of cervical artery | Intentional interruption | Vaginal bleeding |
| CG=cervical gestation; DIC=disseminated intravascular coagulation; ICSI=intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IUGR=intrauterine growth restriction; IM=intramuscular; IU=intrauterine; IVF=in vitro fertilization; KCl=Chloride Potassium; MTX=methotrexate; US=ultrasound | ||||||