Table 2. Effects of different treatments on sperm abnormalities
Treatments Sperm abnormalities
Shredded epididymis Head abnormality (%) Tail abnormality (%) Cytoplasmic droplets (%) Tailless spermatozoa (%)
Normal Left 7.04 ± 1.06 8.65 ± 2.35 2.43 ± 0.60 5.06 ± 1.48
Sham operated 3.56 ± 1.23 6.14 ± 2.25 4.64 ± 0.63 2.94 ± 0.55
Distilled water 14.09  ± 0.84ααα 19.11 ± 1.82ααα 6.90 ± 0.82ααα 7.06 ± 1.02
Vitamin E 10.71 ± 0.53 11.85 ± 1.14 7.53 ± 0.57 5.20 ± 1.15
Aqueous extract (500 mg/kg) 5.94 ± 1.00***,# 16.77 ± 1.13 5.99 ± 0.81 2.41 ± 0.80
Ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg) 5.70 ± 1.17***,# 7.40 ± 0.98### 2.79 ± 0.47**,### 11.33 ± 1.89#
Normal Right 1.61 ± 2.26 5.72 ± 0.58 5.90 ± 0.87 4.52 ± 1.07
Sham operated 1.36 ± 2.53 7.00 ± 0.96 6.06 ± 1.45 5.09 ± 1.09
Distilled water 3.56 ± 4.27 10.73 ± 4.54 7.55 ± 1.09 6.15 ± 0.46
Vitamin E 1.24 ± 2.51 6.66 ± 0.70 6.47 ± 1.14 5.10 ± 1.12
Aqueous extract (500 mg/kg) 0.56 ± 1.54* 4.51 ± 1.18 3.62 ± 0.59 3.04 ± 0.38
Ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg) 1.36 ± 2.74 7.65 ± 1.75 5.89 ± 1.40 5.90 ± 0.36

All values are expressed as mean±SEM. Number of rats per group=6.
αααp <0.001 compared with normal;
*p <0.05;
**p <0.01;
***p<0.001 compared with distilled water;
#p<0.05;
###p<0.001 compared with vitamin E.