Table 5. Significant associations between motility, morphology, volume, vitality and general (at least one criteria) alterations.
Variables Motility a + b – 1999 p Motility a + b – 2010 P
< 50% ≥ 50% < 32% ≥ 32%
Age (years) # 37.6±6.8 35.8±6.1 0.005 38.0±6.6 36.5±6.6 0.019§
Days of abstinence # 3.76±2.02 3.45±1.15 0.035 3.70±2.32 3.63±1.45 0.691§
  Morphology (%) – 1999 p Morphology (%) - 2010 p
< 14 ≥ 14 < 4 ≥ 4
Smoking - n (%) 45 (10.1) 0 (0.0) 1.000 9 (20.5) 36 (8.9) 0.029†
Presence of comorbidity - n(%) 82 (26.0) 33 (25.4) 0.982 21 (44.7) 94 (23.6) 0.003†
  Volume (ml) – 1999 p Volume (ml) – 2010 p
<2 ≥ 2 <1.5 ≥ 1.5
Hypertension - n (%) 11 (9.5) 13 (3.6) 0.023 5 (8.3) 19 (4.6) 0.208†
Days of abstinence# 3.37±1.49 3.74±1.84 0.049 3.60±1.78 3.66±1.77 0.825§
  Vitality (%) – 1999 p Vitality (%) – 2010 p
<75 ≥ 75 <58 ≥ 58
Smoking - n (%) 42 (11.2) 1 (1.9) 0.067 23 (14.2) 20 (7.5) 0.039†
Age (years) # 37.0±6.5 35.7±5.9 0.177 38.5±7.2 35.8±5.7 <0.001§
  criteria WHO 1999 p criteria WHO 2010 p
With alteration Without alteration With alteration Without alteration
Obesity - n (%) 62 (25.4) 31 (15.8) 0.020 52 (24.2) 41 (18.2) 0.157†
  2 or more alterations 1999 p 2 or more alterations 2010 P
Yes No Yes No
BMI (kg/m2)# 27.4±3.8 26.6±3.8 0.025 27.7±3.6 27.0±3.9 0.087§

* The same variables were analyzed based on TMSC without statistically significant associations (p>0.05).
# Mean ± standard deviation.
§ Student’s t-test
† Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher's exact tests
TMSC: Total Motile Sperm Count; WHO: World Health Organization