Table 1. Increased risk for obesity-associated complications - Human Reproduction Laboratory HC/UFG, 2021.
Complications Increased risk (Odds Ratio)
Infertility 3 times1
Abortion 1.67 times3
Thromboelism 4-5 times2
Hypertension (pre-eclampsia) 3.87 times2
Stillbirth 1.24 times3
Caesarean 2.4-3.7 times3

Congenital anomalies

- Spina bifda

- Neural tubal defects

- Limb reduction anomalies

- Cardiovascular anomalies

- Cleft lif and palate

2.24 times3

1.87 times3

1.34 times3

1.30 times3

1.20 times3

Birthweight 2 times2
Gestational diabetes 4-9 times2

1(Brewer & Balen, 2010); 2(Poston et al., 2016); 3(Catalano & Shankar, 2017).