Table 1. Demographics of recruited patients.
Normozoospermic Asthenozoospermic
Control R 100 nM R 1µM Control R 100 nM R 1µM
VCL (μm/s) 114.79±2.38a 121.42±1.98b 124.55±2.04b 81.25±2.17a 94.33±1.76b 89.54±2.41b
VSL (μm/s) 58.13±2.19a 64.71±1.83b 67.34±1.45b 37.94±2.23a 48.56±2.11b 45.63±1.85b
VAP (μm/s) 59.43±1.77a 65.95±2.14b 66.74±1.68b 38.40±2.3a 49.78±2.51b 46.58±2.15b
LIN % 50.61±2.44a 53.27±2.31a 54.08±1.53a 46.61±2.06a 51.44±2.22b 50.96±1.53a
STR % 96.81±1.56a 97.11±2.05a 98.76±2.37a 97.42±2.51a 97.51. ±1.86a 97.22±2.15a
WOB % 51.65±2.11a 54.21±1.94a 53.49±2.42a 47.21±2.23a 52.14±1.72a 50.92. ±1.24a
ALH (μm/s) 2.26±1.58a 2.56±2.02a 2.97±2.14b 2.05±1.72a 2.34±2.23a 2.12±2.36a
BCF (Hz) 11.15±1.83a 12.57±2.31a 12.74±1.66b 8.55±1.35a 8.72±2.46a 8.40±1.87a
Hyperactive % 1.2±0.69a 12.75±0.50b 16.40±0.36b 1.1±0.53a 11.16±1.74b 6.20±1.23b

Data are expressed as means ± SEM.
a/b Values within columns with different superscripts are significant differences (ANOVA, p<0.05).
Control: without repaglinide; R 100 nM: 100 nM concentration of repaglinide; R 1µM: 1µM concentration of repaglinide.
VCL: Curvilinear velocity, VSL: Straight-line velocity, VAP: Average path velocity, LIN: Linearity, STR Straightness, Wob: Wobble, ALH: Amplitude of lateral head displacement, BCF: beat/cross-frequency.