| Table 1. Main findings in semen parameters reported in the included studies. | ||||
| Study | Semen volume | Sperm concentration | Sperm motility | Sperm morphology |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apaydin et al., 2022 | No alterations were found. | Reduced in three of seven patients. | Progressive motility reduced in three of seven patients. | Not evaluated |
| Best et al., 2021 | No alterations were found. | Reduced in patients with COVID-19 compared to controls. | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| Donders et al., 2022 | No alterations were found | Reduced in 25% of patients. Great decrease relative to early infection. |
Reduced in 44% of patients. Great reduction relative to early and severe infection. | Reduced in 67% of patients. Great reduction depending on severity of disease. |
| Erbay et al., 2021 | Reduced when compared to same patients before moderate COVID-19 | Reduced when compared to same patients before moderate COVID-19. | Reduced when compared to same patients before moderate COVID-19. | Not evaluated. |
| Guo et al., 2021 | No alterations were found. | No alterations were found. | Reduced when compared to controls. | No alterations were found. |
| Holtmann et al., 2020 | No alterations were found | Reduced in group of patients with moderate infection compared to those with mild infection and controls. | Reduced in group of patients with moderate infection compared to those with mild infection and controls. | Not evaluated. |
| Koç & Keseroglu, 2021 | Reduced when compared to same patients before COVID-19. | No alterations were found. | Reduced when compared to same patients before COVID-19. | Reduced when compared to same patients before COVID-19. |
| Li et al., 2020b | Not evaluated. | Reduced in patient with COVID-19 compared to controls. |
Not evaluated. | Not evaluated. |
| Hajizadeh Maleki & Tartibian, 2021 | Reduced in patients with COVID-19 compared to controls. No change after disease recovery. |
Reduced in patient with COVID-19 compared to controls. Increased after 60 days of recovery. |
Reduced in patient with COVID-19 compared to controls. Increased after 60 days recovery. | Reduced in patient with COVID-19 compared to controls. No change after disease recovery. |
| Rafiee & Bagher Tabei, 2021 | Reduced immediately after COVID-19. | Reduced immediately after COVID-19. | Reduced immediately after COVID-19. | Reduced immediately after COVID-19. |
| Ruan et al., 2021 | Within WHO lower limits. | Within WHO lower limits. | Within WHO lower limits. | Within WHO lower limits. |
| Seckin et al., 2022 | No alterations were found. | No alterations were found. | Patient with 0% motility in the first evaluation after COVID-19 and improvement after three months of recovery, reaching 72.5% progressive motility. | Patient demonstrated 9% of normal morphology after three months recovery. |
| Temiz et al., 2021 | No alterations were found. | No alterations were found. | No alterations were found. | Significantly altered in patients with COVID-19 compared to controls. |