Table 1. Clinical impact of abnormal SDF level.
Clinical Scenario	Remarks	Study
Unexplained infertility	20% of men with unexplained infertility and 40-50% of men with idiopathic infertility have abnormal SDF.	Esteves et al., 2020 Gill et al., 2019
Recurrent Pregnancy or pregnancy loss or pregnancy loss	>30% SDF level was found critical for pregnancy outcomes. In-case of recurrent pregnancy loss SDF level was elevated after natural or assisted conception	Tan et al., 2019 Esteves et al., 2021
Failed IUI	Abnormal SDF negatively affect pregnancy rates in IUI	Sugihara et al., 2020
Failed IVF/ICSI	Abnormal SDF affect IVF/ICSI pregnancy rate. Men with high SDF on ICSI with testicular sperm gave better pregnancy result.	Esteves & Roque, 2019 Xie et al., 2020
Abnormal embryo development and birth Defects	SDF adversely affect embryo development. Icsi patient having high SDF had high aneuploidy and genomic abnormalities	Kim et al., 2019 Zheng et al., 2018