| Table 2. Treatment and preventive measures for SDF. | ||
| Treatment | Process | References |
|---|---|---|
| Improving Lifestyle | Maintaining BMI, reducing obesity, Breaking smoking and drinking habit, Improving sleeping habit and stress management either through exercise, weight management, bariatric surgery, behavioral cognitive therapy |
Wood et al., 2020 Humaidan et al., 2022 |
| Antioxidant therapy | Use of vit A, C, E, other micronutrient (L-carnitine, N-acetyl cysteine) and elements (coenzyme Q, zinc, selenium, folic acid) reduced the DFI level in male patients as well as enhance the pregnancy rate in infertile couple. |
Wright et al., 2014 Alahmar et al., 2021 Humaidan et al., 2022 |
| Varicocelectomy | Varicocelectomy reduced the SDF level by 4% and increased the chance of natural conception. |
Fathi et al., 2021 Lira Neto et al., 2021 |
| Short abstinence | Reducing the abstinence period to 1 day positively affected the DFI level due to less exposure to oxidative stress. |
Agarwal et al., 2016b Esteves et al., 2015b |
| Testicular sperm | Many of the cases have significantly reduced DFI and gave high succes rate on using testicular sperm in ART and infertile men |
Esteves et al., 2015b Mehta et al., 2015 |
| Sperm processing and preparation | Use of magnet activated cell sorting and physiological ICSI in selecting sperm during ART helped in removing sperm with SDF |
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