Table 1. Changes in male fertility caused by analgesics.
Author Year Participant Number Analgesic Dose Effect
Albert et al. 2013 Testicular Cell Culture 12 plates Paracetamol; Aspirin. - ↓testosterone secretion
↓PGE2 and PGD2 production
Holm et al. 2015 Mouse (C57BL/6 JBomTac) 4 groups of 5 animals Paracetamol 50 mg/kg ↓testosterone secretion
↑ the levels of pregnenolone
↓the anogenital distance
Smarr et al. 2017 Men 468 men Paracetamol - ↓sperm volume
↓motility
↓morphologically normal spermatozoa
↑ DNA fragmentation
Ma et al. 2018 Mouse (C57BL/6) 6 groups of 6 animals Paracetamol 50 mg/kg;
100 mg/kg;
200 mg/kg;
300 mg/kg.		 ↑ oxidative stress
↑ amount of dead spermatozoa
↓motility
↓sperm density
↓sperm density
Roodbari et al. 2015 Mouse NMRI 3 groups of 12 animals Ibuprofen 30 mg/kg;
57 mg/kg.		 ↑ sperm with immature chromatin
↓sperm count
↓motility
↓feasibility
Rey-Ares et al. 2018 Human Cells 12 men in regular spermatogenesis Ibuprofen 10-4 M;
10-6 M.		 ↓PGE2 levels
↓mRNA
Barbosa et al. 2020 Wistar Rats 4 groups of 12 animals Ibuprofen 2.4mg/kg;
7.2mg/kg;
14.3mg/kg.		 ↓motility
↓daily sperm production
↓sperm quantity
↓spermatozoa in epididymis
Banihani & Shatnawi 2020 Men 43 samples Aspirin 0.1 mM;
1.0 mM.		 ↓motility
↓vitality
Martins et al. 2021 Wistar Rats 3 groups of 7 animals Aspirin; Dipyrone. 100 mg/kg ↓testosterone secretion
↓daily sperm production
↓number of spermatids

Caption: ↓= Reduction; ↑ = Increase; PGE2 = Prostaglandin E2; PGD2 = Prostaglandin D2; mRNA = Messenger RNA.