Table 1. Included studies characteristics.
Author(s), Year Number of Patients Semen Collection and Analysis COVID-19 in Semen Seminal Quality Changes Hormonal Changes
Best et al ., 2021 30 men Median time of 3 months after treatment and recovery Not detected in any semen samples tested ↓ Concentration and total number of spermatozoa; pH and normal volume -
Guo et al ., 2021 1st Sample: 41 men 2nd Sample: 22 men Median time of 76.0 days after the appearance of symptoms and 56.0 days after hospital discharge - 27 men (65.9%): abnormal value for at least one semen parameter. 1st Sample ↑ Asthenozoospermia; ↓ Progressively motile or motile spermatozoa; Volume, vitality, abnormal morphology 2nd Sample: ↑ Total sperm count, concentration and motile sperm count compared to the first sample Regular T, LH, FSH and AMH ↑ Prolactin ↓ Progesterone ↓ Inhibin B in 13 of the 38 patients but without statistical significance
Gul et al ., 2021 29 men The median duration between testing positive for SAR-CoV-2 and semen collection was 37 days - Volume, Full motility, Progressive motility, Concentration, and total number of spermatozoa normal Regular T, LH, FSH and Prolactin.
Holtmann et al ., 2020 34 men 18 semen samples were obtained 8-54 days after absence of symptoms, 14 from control subjects and 2 from patients with active COVID-19 infection. Not detected in recovered men or men with acute COVID-19 infection Not detected in recovered men or men with acute COVID-19 infection. ↓ Volume; ↓ Total number and concentration of sperm ↓ Progressive and complete motility ↑ Immobile spermatozoa -
Koç & Keseroğlu, 2021 21 men None of the patients were in the active phase of COVID-19 at the time of semen collection - ↓ Volume; ↓ Total motility; ↓ Progressive motility ↓ Normal morphology ↑ Immobile spermatozoa ↓ Testosterone FSH and Regular LH
Pan et al ., 2020 34 men Median time of 31 days since COVID-19 diagnosis Not detected in recovered patients - -

T: Testosterone; FSH: Follicle Stimulating Hormone; LH: Luteinizing Hormone; and AMH: Anti-Mullerian Hormone.