Table 3

Sperm parameters	PM 2.5 exposure (mean value)	Coefficients (95%CI)	p
Table 3. Correlation of monthly mean ambient PM2.5 (µg/m³) concentration between 2017 and 2022 and sperm parameters in different periods of exposure.
Concentration (M/ml)	On time	0.061 (-0.105 - 0.228)	0.47
	1-month lag	0.005 (-0.156 - 0.166)	0.95
	2-months lag	-0.108 (-0.262 - 0.045)	0.17
	3-months lag	-0.079 (-0.223 - 0.066)	0.29
Total motile sperm (%)	On time	0.069 (-0.005 - 0.142)	0.07
	1-month lag	0.016 (-0.061 - 0.092)	0.69
	2-months lag	-0.026 (-0.098 - 0.047)	0.49
	3-months lag	-0.036 (-0.105 - 0.033)	0.31
Progressive motility (%)	On time	0.091 (0.018 - 0.164)	0.015^*
	1-month lag	0.059 (-0.017 - 0.136)	0.13
	2-months lag	0.016 (-0.056 - 0.088)	0.66
	3-months lag	-0.012 (-0.080 - 0.056)	0.73
Normal morphology (%)	On time	0.020 (0.003 - 0.037)	0.021^*
	1-month lag	0.016 (-0.002 - 0.034)	0.09
	2-months lag	0.004 (-0.013 - 0.020)	0.65
	3-months lag	-0.005 (-0.020 - 0.010)	0.53

# 1-month lag: semen analysis 1 month following PM2.5 exposure
2-months lag: semen analysis 2 months following PM2.5 exposure
3-months lag: semen analysis 3 months following PM2.5 exposure