Table 2. Sperm motility, viability, morphology, ROS levels, and DNA integrity in control and post-cryopreservation samples, with or without astaxanthin supplementation in cryoprotective media.
Parameters
(N=30)
Control Vitrification Liquid nitrogen vapor
V V+ATX L L+ATX
Total motility (%) 86.0±8.5 69.0±9.5* 77.6±8.9*,† 47.7±14.6* 57.0±13.3*,‡
Progression motility (%) 81.1±10.2 60.2±10.4* 69.5±10.5*,† 39.0±14.5* 48.5±13.6*,§
Viability (%) 80.1±12.5 65.9±11.1* 75.0±11.9† 64.2±9.3* 71.2±12.5*
Morphology (%) 10.5
(6.4-18.2)
9.5
(7.8-12.1)
10.8
(8.8-12.7)
9.5 (8.0-13.1) 10.5
(9.1-12.8)
ROS (RLU/sec/106) 5.8
(4.8-8.8)
10.6
(9.4-16.0) ‖
4.7
(2.6-8.3) ¶
10.3
(7.9-18.6)**
4.6
(3.3-10.5)††
DNA fragmentation (%) 26.5±13.1 27.1±10.4 25.6±12.1 27.2±14.0 25.5±11.4

Repeated measure ANOVA: *p<0.001 vs. control, †p=0.020 vs. V, ‡p=0.010 vs. L, §p=0.020 vs. L
Friedman test: lp=0.020 vs. control, ¶p<0.001 vs. V, **p=0.030 vs. control, ††p=0.004 vs. L
Abbreviation: V=vitrification, L=liquid nitrogen vapor freezing, ATX=astaxanthin.