| Table 2. Sperm motility, viability, morphology, ROS levels, and DNA integrity in control and post-cryopreservation samples, with or without astaxanthin supplementation in cryoprotective media. | |||||
| Parameters (N=30) |
Control | Vitrification | Liquid nitrogen vapor | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V | V+ATX | L | L+ATX | ||
| Total motility (%) | 86.0±8.5 | 69.0±9.5* | 77.6±8.9*,† | 47.7±14.6* | 57.0±13.3*,‡ |
| Progression motility (%) | 81.1±10.2 | 60.2±10.4* | 69.5±10.5*,† | 39.0±14.5* | 48.5±13.6*,§ |
| Viability (%) | 80.1±12.5 | 65.9±11.1* | 75.0±11.9† | 64.2±9.3* | 71.2±12.5* |
| Morphology (%) | 10.5 (6.4-18.2) |
9.5 (7.8-12.1) |
10.8 (8.8-12.7) |
9.5 (8.0-13.1) | 10.5 (9.1-12.8) |
| ROS (RLU/sec/106) | 5.8 (4.8-8.8) |
10.6 (9.4-16.0) ‖ |
4.7 (2.6-8.3) ¶ |
10.3 (7.9-18.6)** |
4.6 (3.3-10.5)†† |
| DNA fragmentation (%) | 26.5±13.1 | 27.1±10.4 | 25.6±12.1 | 27.2±14.0 | 25.5±11.4 |
Repeated measure ANOVA: *p<0.001 vs.
control, †p=0.020 vs. V,
‡p=0.010 vs. L,
§p=0.020 vs. L
Friedman test: lp=0.020 vs. control,
¶p<0.001 vs. V,
**p=0.030 vs. control,
††p=0.004 vs. L
Abbreviation: V=vitrification, L=liquid nitrogen vapor freezing,
ATX=astaxanthin.