Figure 4. Preand post-meiotic germ cell development. Analysis of spermatogenesis gene expression using real-time PCR. F N: Fresh neonate, F-T N: Frozen-thawed neonate, A: Adult, F G: Fresh grafted, and F-T G: Frozen-thawed grafted. The levels of mRNA were normalized relative to Actb as an internal control. The mean expression values (± SEM, n=3; p<0.05) are depicted by bar graphs. α, β: Significant difference with other groups in the same gene.