Table 4. Nanocarriers for PCOS treatment.
Nanocarrier	Key Ingredients	Therapeutic Agent	Research Object	Mechanism	References
Chitosan Nanoparticles	Chitosan	Curcumin	Rat	Lower the levels of prolactin, serum luteinizing hormone, Insulin and testosterone	Raja et al., 2021
Ginger Nanoparticles	Lipid	Ginger	Mice	enhanced the forkhead’s expression Utilize the transcription factor (Foxa2) to lessen insulin resistance caused by intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) exosomes.	Kumar et al., 2022
Silver Nanoparticles	Silver	Cinnamomum cassia	Rat	Antioxidant	Kouame et al., 2019)
Silver nanoparticles	Silver	Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Rat	Reduce the levels of inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-18	Alwan & Al-Saeed, 2023
Iron nanoparticles	Iron oxide	Curcumin	Mice	prevention of ovarian damage cell death and Cell death was brought on by dehydroepiandrosterone	Fatemi Abhari et al., 2020
Selenium nanoparticle	Chitosan	Selenium dioxide	Rat	Cut down on androgen production to stop the vicious cycle. resulting from decreased expression of androgen receptors due to high androgen release	Abdallah et al., 2023
Selenium nanoparticle	Chitosan	Selenium dioxide	Rat	Increased expression of the PI3K and Akt genes decreases Sex hormone levels, lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and indicators of mitochondrial function	Rabah et al., 2023
Liposomes	Glycerol phospholipid	Methoxy derivatives of resveratrol (DMU-212)	Ovarian granulosa cells	Elevate progesterone and estradiol secretion	Józkowiak et al., 2023
Carbon nanotubes	Silkworm powder	Nitrogen-doped carbon nanorods (N-CNR)	Mice	Lower fasting blood sugar levels and enhance serum biomarkers levels linked to inflammation and oxidative damage	Park et al., 2022
Quantum dots	Polyethylene glycol	Metformin	Hepg2 cells	Reverse insulin resistance and restore glucose absorption.	Sarkar et al., 2024
Micelle		Curcumin	Rat	Decreased oxidative stress and inflammation responses	Nazarian et al., 2025