| Table 1. Characteristics of the eligible studies. | |||||||
| Study | Study design |
Country | Studied population |
Age (Years) | Exposure | Duration of exposure | Measured outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexander et al., 1996 |
cross sectional | Cominco smelter in Trail, British Columbia. | 2469(male workers employed on 1 May, 1993 (n = 2123) and workers laid off in the preceding year (n = 346) | 39.7-42.3 | Occupational lead exposure, Blood lead concentration. | June and July, 1993 | Sperm concentration, motility, total sperm count, testosterone, LH, FSH, Blood and semen lead concentration |
| Alexander et al., 1998 |
cross-sectional | Trail, British Columbia | (n = 2,469) | 39.0-40.1 | Occupational lead exposure, Blood lead concentration. | Sperm concentration, sperm count, Blood and semen lead concentration | |
| Bonde et al., 2014 |
cross-sectional | United Kingdom, Italy, and Belgium | 503 | 35.7-40.0 | seminal plasma and spermatozoa | 2 YEARS | Sperm concentration, total sperm count, semen volume, blood and semen lead concentration |
| Eibensteiner et al., 2005 | cross-sectional study | Arequipa, Peru. | (n = 43) | 20-55 years | Blood lead concentration | 15 DAYS | Sperm concentration, motility, total sperm count. Morphology, viability, testosterone, concentration |
| Farag et al., 2024 | case-control cross-sectional |
Egypt | 80 adult | 30 to 50 years | Blood lead concentration | 1 year | Sperm concentration, motility, total sperm count, viability, Blood and semen lead concentration |
| Hovatta et al., 1998 |
cross-sectional retrospective |
Helsinki, Finland. | N = 424 | 20-46 | spermatozoa and seminal plasma lead concentration | 1 year? | Sperm concentration, motility, morphology |
| Hsu et al., 2009 | cross-sectional | Taiwan. | N=80 | 29.2 + 3.9 | Occupational lead exposure, spermatozoa and seminal plasma lead concentration | 1.7 year | Sperm concentration, motility, total sperm count, Blood and semen lead concentration |
| Kasperczyk et al., 2008 | cross-sectional | Poland | (n= 63) | 34-38 | Occupational lead exposure, Blood lead concentration | 13 years | Sperm concentration, motility, volume total sperm count, Blood and semen lead concentration |
| Kuo et al., 1997 | cross-sectional | Taiwan. | N=13 | Occupational lead exposure, spermatozoa and seminal plasma lead concentration | viscosity, motility, total sperm count, Blood and semen lead concentration | ||
| Mahmoud et al., 2005 |
cross-sectional | Belgium | N=159 | 25-57 | Occupational lead exposure, spermatozoa and seminal plasma lead concentration | Sperm concentration, volume, inhibin, FSH, Blood and semen lead concentration | |
| Moran-Martinez et al., 2013 |
cross-sectional | USA | N=47 | 20-27 years | Environmental lead exposure, spermatozoa and seminal plasma lead concentration | 2 years | Sperm motility, viability, volume, morphology Blood and semen lead concentration |
| Naha and Chowdhury, 2006 | cross-sectional | Kolkata, India | N=130 | (31-45years | Occupational lead exposure, spermatozoa and seminal plasma lead concentration | group ll: 7 to 1O years (group iii: more than 1O to 15 years | Sperm viability, sperm MDA Blood and semen lead concentration |
| Naha and Manna, 2007 | cross-sectional | Bangalore, India | N=100 | 31-45years | Occupational lead exposure, spermatozoa and seminal plasma lead concentration | group ll: 7 to 1O years (group iii: more than 1O to 15 years | Sperm concentration, motility, viability, volume, morphology testosterone, LH, FSH, Blood and semen lead concentration |
| Naha et al., 2005 | cross-sectional | Kolkata, India | N=120 | 31-45years | Occupational lead exposure, spermatozoa and seminal plasma lead concentration | 7-15 years exposure | Sperm concentration, motility, Viability, volume, viscosity, total sperm count, , Blood and semen lead concentration |
| Saaramen et al., 1987 | cross-sectional | Kuopio, finland | N=160 | 22-47years | Environmental lead exposure, spermatozoa and seminal plasma lead concentration | Sperm morphology, motility, density, Blood and semen lead concentration | |
| Telisman et al., 2000 | cross-sectional | Zagreb, Croatia | N=149 | 20-43years | Environmental lead exposure, spematozoa and seminal plasma lead concentration | 15years | Sperm concentration, motility, density, volume,morphology total sperm count, testosterone, LH, FSH, Blood and semen lead concentration |
| Wijesekara et al., 2020. | cross-sectional | Colombo | (n = 300) | 34.9 (5.30) 34.8 (5.37) |
spematozoa and seminal plasma lead concentration | Sperm concentration, motility, total sperm count, progressive motility Blood and semen lead concentration | |