Table 2. Comparison of the effects of Vitex and placebo consumption on biochemical characteristics of women with PCOS.
Variables Vitex (n=30) Placebo (n=30) p-value† Effect size (Cohen’s d) p-value §
TAC (mM)
Before
After
0.60±0.02
1.10±0.04
0.65±0.02
0.64±0.03
0.09
0.001
-2.5
13.01		 0.001
p-value‡ 0.001 0.55
TOS (µM)
Before
After
11.76±0.55
9.13±0.52
13.65±0.94
14.18±0.97
0.09
0.001
-2.45
-6.48		 0.001
p-value‡ 0.001 0.58
OSI %
Before
After
2.00±0.10
0.84±0.04
2.12±0.14
2.44±0.24
0.51
0.001
-0.98
-9.3		 0.001
p-value‡ 0.001 0.15
MDA (µM)
4.64±0.81
2.99±0.22
4.12±0.57
5.63±0.67
0.60
0.001
0.74
-5.29		 0.001
Before
After
p-value‡ 0.054 0.14
CAT (KU)
Before
After
5.24±0.51
6.98±0.37
6.63±0.53
6.86±0.41
0.06
0.83
-2.67
0.30		 0.939
p-value‡ 0.01 0.74
GPx (mU/ml)
Before
After
242.87±2.61
250.75±1.11
243.87±2.41
246.65±1.33
0.79
0.02
-0.39
3.34		 0.02
p-value‡ 0.008 0.33
GSH (µM)
4.42±0.56
23.94±2.63
5.54±0.71
15.20±1.79
0.22
0.008
-1.75
3.88		 0.01
Before
After
p-value‡ 0.001 0.001
TT (mM)
Before
After
0.139±0.008
0.178±0.014
0.146±0.006
0.142±0.006
0.50
0.023
-0.99
3.34		 0.01
p-value‡ 0.018 0.48
FBS (mg/dl)
Before
After
100.23±2.15
84.90±1.15
105.13±1.57
90.97±1.23
0.071
0.001
-2.60
-5.09		 0.03
p-value‡ 0.001 0.001
HOMA-IR
Before
After
6.40±1.29
0.983±0.06
6.72±0.72
1.33±0.09
0.83
0.004
-4.53
-0.30		 0.004
p-value‡ 0.001 0.001
TG (mg/dl)
Before
After
189.3±14.30
177.83±15.29
198.60±14.07
190.60±13.53
0.64
0.53
-0.88
-0.12
0.57
p-value‡ 0.001 0.09
Chol (mg/dl)
Before
After
198.66±7.10
174.36±6.89
199.43±4.51
187.96±4.70
0.93
0.11
-0.12
-2.30		 0.016
p-value‡ 0.001 0.002
HDL (mg/dl)
Before
After
50.00±1.64
60.13±1.76
47.16±1.07
50.93±1.43
0.15
0.001
2.05
5.73		 0.001
p-value‡ 0.001 0.002
LDL (mg/dl)
Before
After
100.43±4.85
81.03±4.68
96.20±4.04
93.37±3.96
0.51
0.049
0.94
-2.84		 0.001
p-value‡ 0.001 0.001
AST (U/l)
Before
After
20.46±1.73
17.60±1.41
21.43±1.66
20.16±1.48
0.68
0.21
-0.57
-1.77		 0.012
p-value‡ 0.001 0.052
ALT (U/l)
Before
After
22.73±1.77
18.70±1.39
22.20±1.64
24.00±1.62
0.83
0.016
0.31
-3.51		 0.001
p-value‡ 0.001 0.001

Note: Results are presented as Mean±SEM. A significance level of 0.05 was considered (p-value<0.05).
† Independent t-test
‡ Paired t-test
§ Based on ANCOVA
Abbreviations: TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TOS: total oxidant status; OSI: oxidative stress index; MDA: malondialdehyde; CAT: catalase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: reduced glutathione; TT: total thiol; FBS: fasting blood sugar ; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; TG: triglyceride; Chol: cholesterol; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase.