Table 2. Comparison of the effects of AL and placebo on biochemical characteristics of women with PCOS.
Variables Arctium lappa L. (n=30) Placebo (n=30) p-value* p-value § Partial eta square† (ηp2)
SOD (U/ml)
Before
After
p-value**
339.17±6.34
400.37±15.83
<0.001
324.46±11.04
336.05±6.56
0.39		 0.25
<0.001		 <0.001 0.20
CAT (KU)
Before
After
p-value**
6.15±0.64
8.74±0.47
<0.001
6.40±0.56
6.68±0.39
0.69
0.76
<0.001		 <0.001 0.16
GPx (mU/ml)
Before
After
p-value**
245.04±2.22
252.57±0.46
<0.001
244.43±2.41
245.33±1.59
0.76
0.85
<0.001		 <0.001 0.25
GSH (µM)
Before
After
p-value**
6.91±0.51
22.89±1.75
<0.001
6.20±0.96
15.85±2.15
<0.001
0.52
0.01		 0.02 0.10
GSSG (µM)
Before
After
p-value**
0.447±0.040
0.355±0.030
0.01
0.445±0.037
0.443±0.029
0.96
0.98
0.04		 0.02 0.09
GSH/GSSG
Before
After
p-value**
17.56±1.72
76.20±7.51
<0.001
15.09±2.35
43.56±9.52
0.01
0.40
0.01		 0.01 0.11
TAC (mM)
Before
After
p-value**
0.71±0.03
1.05±0.04
<0.001
0.70±0.03
0.66±0.02
0.23
0.77
<0.001		 <0.001 0.56
TOS (µM)
Before
After
p-value**
12.19±1.17
8.05±0.62
<0.001
13.23±1
14.21±1.01
0.40
0.50
<0.001		 <0.001 0.32
OSI %
Before
After
p-value**
1.83±0.13
0.78±0.06
<0.001
2±0.15
2.23±0.17
0.24
0.39
<0.001		 <0.001 0.53
MDA (µM)
Before
After
p-value**
4.57±0.47
2.45±0.25
<0.001
4.42±0.58
5.67±0.79
0.26
0.84
<0.001		 <0.001 0.21
MDA/TAC
Before
After
p-value**
0.0066±0.0006
0.0024±0.0002
<0.001
0.0065±0.0009
0.0087±0.0014
0.23
0.95
<0.001		 <0.001 0.25
TAG (µM)
Before
After
p-value**
(-128.06)±29/79
75.67±39/55
<0.001
(-169.53)±29.14
(-242.79)±22.25
0.04
0.32
<0.001		 <0.001 0.45
TT (mM)
Before
After
p-value**
0.157±0.006
0.198±0.009
<0.001
0.169±0.007
0.162±0.004
0.44
0.22
<0.001		 <0.001 0.18
CRP (mg/dl)
Before
After
p-value**
0.457±0.043
0.310±0.035
<0.001
0.463±0.044
0.447±0.039
0.66
0.91
0.01		 <0.001 0.17
CAR (mg/g)
Before
After
p-value**
0.099±0.011
0.058±0.007
<0.001
0.097±0.009
0.093±0.008
0.64
0.87
<0.001		 <0.001 0.27
BAR (mg/g)
Before
After
p-value**
4.82±0.14
2.95±0.12
<0.001
4.87±0.11
4.85±0.10
0.89
0.82
<0.001		 <0.001 0.74
ALBI
Before
After
p-value**
(-3.46)±0.09
(-4.07)±0.10
<0.001
(-3.41)±0.04
(-3.45)±0.05
0.33
0.63
<0.001		 <0.001 0.36
TyG
Before
After
p-value**
9.135±0.093
8.768±0.090
<0.001
9.182±0.083
8.999±0.077
<0.001
0.71
0.06		 <0.001 0.33

Data presented as Mean ± SEM. A significance level of 0.05 was considered (p-value < 0.05).* independent t-test, ** paired t-test, § ANCOVA, † Partial eta square for ANCOVA. Arctium lappa L. (AL), Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Reduced glutathione (GSH), Oxidized glutathione (GSSG), Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Total oxidant status (TOS), Oxidative stress index (OSI), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total antioxidant gap (TAG), Total thiol (TT), C-reactive protein (CRP), CRP/albumin ratio (CAR), Bun/albumin ratio (BAR), Albumin-bilirubin score (ALBI), Triglyceride glucose index (TyG).