Table 3. Comparison of the effects of AL and placebo on clinical characteristics of women with PCOS.
Variables Arctium lappa L. (n=30) Placebo (n=30) p-value* p-value§ Partial eta square† (ηp2)
OV. Right (CC)
Before
After
p-value**
14.65±0.77
11.68±0.53
<0.001
15.02±0.60
13.50±0.68
0.01
0.71
0.04		 0.02 0.09
OV. Left (CC)
Before
After
p-value**
13.47±0.93
11.55±0.58
<0.001
14.18±0.69
13.38±0.61
0.06
0.54
0.03		 0.01 0.12
MFG Score
Before
After
p-value**
11.67±0.50
10.30±0.50
0.02
11.07±0.55
11.10±0.62
0.94
0.42
0.32		 0.08 0.05
Menstrual
frequency
Before
After
p-value**
0.222±0.068
0.933±0.034
<0.001
0.244±0.084
0.878±0.044
<0.001
0.84
0.32		 0.29 0.02

Data presented as Mean ± SEM. A significance level of 0.05 was considered (p-value < 0.05). *independent t-test, ** paired t-test, § ANCOVA, †Partial eta square for ANCOVA. Arctium lappa L. (AL), Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Ovary volume right (OV. Right), Ovary volume left (OV. Left), Modified ferriman-gallwey (MFG).