Table 2. General characteristics of in vitro studies
First author/ year	Country	Age	Sample size	Extract concentration	Control group	Outcomes contributed	Result
Faramarzi et al., 2019a	Iran	25-40	40	5, 10, 20 and 30 µg/mL	Without C. siliqua extract	Progressive motility (Fig. 6A) Sperm viability (Fig. 6B)	C. siliqua at 10-20 µg/mL in freezing/thawing media improved sperm motility, morphology, and viability, with a more pronounced effect at 20 µg/mL.
Faramarzi et al., 2019b	Iran	45-60	40	20 µg/mL	Cryopreserved without C. siliqua extract	Progressive motility (Fig. 6A) Sperm viability (Fig. 6B)	Vitrification/thawing medium with carob enhanced sperm progressive motility, morphology, viability, and chromatin quality vs. vitrification alone.
Javanmard et al., 2023	Iran	20-40	40	5, 10, 20 and 30 µg/mL	Cryopreserved without C. siliqua extract	Progressive motility (Fig. 6A) Sperm viability (Fig. 6B)	C. siliqua extract improved sperm parameters post-cryopreservation, with the most significant impact at 20 µg/mL.
Heidari et al., 2023	Iran		40	0.05, 0.2, 0.8 mg/ mL	Without C. siliqua extract	Progressive motility only (Fig. 6A) Excluded from viability (no data)	No significant difference was found between groups.
Farazmand et al., 2023	Iran	Not mentioned	20	20, 30, 40 µg/mL	Cryopreserved without C. siliqua extract	Progressive motility (Fig. 6A) Sperm viability (Fig. 6B)	Peak motility/viability at 20 µg/mL C. siliqua.