Figure 2. Assessment of sperm viability and oxidative stress following curcumin and L-carnitine treatments. a) Eosin-nigrosin stained human spermatozoa observed under light microscopy (100×). White-headed sperm are viable; red-headed sperm are non-viable. b) Cell viability was significantly enhanced in the combination (CL) group compared to the control and L-carnitine groups (p<0.001), and was comparable to curcumin alone. c) Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly reduced in the CL group, indicating the greatest protection against lipid peroxidation among all treatments (p<0.001). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups