Figure 3. TUNEL assay-based visualization and quantification of sperm DNA fragmentation. (A) Representative fluorescence microscopy images of sperm nuclei from (a) Control, (b) Curcumin-treated, (c) L-carnitine-treated, and (d) Combination (Curcumin + L-carnitine) groups. (B) Comparison of DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI, %) among groups. The Combination treatment resulted in the lowest DFI, significantly reduced compared to Control, L-carnitine, and Curcumin groups (p<0.001), indicating enhanced protection against DNA damage. Curcumin also significantly reduced DFI relative to Control and L-carnitine.