Table 1. Main Antioxidants Studied and Their Effects on Sperm Quality.
Antioxidant	Benefited Parameters	Main Effect	Reference (Year)
Vitamin C	Motility, morphology, integrity	Neutralization of free radicals, cellular protection	Agarwal et al., 2022
Vitamin E	Motility, cellular integrity	Protection against lipid peroxidation	Agarwal et al., 2022
Coenzyme Q10	Motility, concentration, testosterone	Improvement of mitochondrial metabolism	Akhigbe et al., 2025
Selenium	DNA fragmentation, motility	Cofactor for antioxidant enzymes	Dimitriadis et al., 2023
Zinc	Morphology, motility	Membrane stabilization and antioxidant action	Noegroho et al., 2022
L-carnitine	Motility	Fatty acid transport into mitochondria	Ee et al., 2024
Alpha-lipoic acid	Motility, concentration	Reduction of oxidative stress	stress Pires et al., 2025
Glutathione	DNA integrity, motility	Direct neutralization of free radicals	Saleh et al., 2025
Vitamin D	Motility, concentration	Modulation of metabolism and oxidative stress reduction	Li et al., 2022
N-acetylcysteine (NAC)	DNA fragmentation, motility	Increases intracellular glutathione	Dimitriadis et al., 2023
Multioxidant combinations	Motility, concentration, DNA fragmentation	Synergistic effect against oxidative damage	Ioannidou et al., 2025
General antioxidants	Improved semen parameters and pregnancy rates	Reduction of oxidative damage and improved ART outcomes	Saleh et al., 2025; Li et al., 2022