| Table 1. Baseline characteristics of semen samples | |
| Variable | Median (IQR) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 33.0 (31.0-34.0) |
| Semen collection to preparation time (min) | 130.0 (30.5-180.0) |
| Volume (mL) | 3.2 (2.5-4.6) |
| Concentration (×106/mL) | 68.0 (46.5-89.0) |
| Total motility (%) | 48.9 (45.9-60.7) |
Semen characteristics of the study samples (n=15). Values are presented as median (IQR). IQR, interquartile range. Abstinence duration was not systematically recorded; participants were instructed to maintain 2–7 days of abstinence prior to collection. Motility represents total motility assessed visually using a Makler chamber during routine semen analysis by trained embryologists under routine internal quality control.