JBRA Assist. Reprod. 2017;21(3):164-175
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
doi: 10.5935/1518-0557.20170034
Assisted reproductive techniques in Latin America: The Latin American Registry, 2014
1Reproductive Medicine Unit - Las Condes Clinic, Chile
2Ethics and Public Policies Program in Human Reproduction, University Diego Portales, Chile
3Latin American Network of Assisted Reproduction (REDLARA), Uruguay
4Reproductive Medicine Unit - Monteblanco Clinic, Chile
5Unifertes, Venezuela
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
No conflict of interest have been declared.
Key message: There has been a systematic effort to decrease the proportion of high order multiple deliveries. Latin America is moving in the right direction and we should pursue in educating both clinicians and patients towards reducing further the number of embryos transferred, especially in good prognosis cases.
ABSTRACT
Multinational data on assisted reproduction techniques undertaken in 2014 were collected from 159 institutions in 15 countries in Latin America. Treatments included IVF/ICSI, FET, OD, PGD and fertility preservation (FP). 41.34% of IVF/ICSI cycles were performed in women aged 35 to 39 years and 23.35% in women aged 40 and older. After removing cases with total freezing, delivery rate per oocyte retrieval was 25.05% for ICSI and 27.41% for IVF. Multiple births included 20.78% twins and 0.92 % triplets and over. In OD, twins reached 28.93% and triplets 1.07 %. Preterm deliveries reached 16.4% in singletons, 55.02% in twins and 76% in triplets. Perinatal mortality in 18,162 births was 23 per 1000 in singletons, 35 per 1000 in twins, and 36 per 1000 in high-order multiples. Elective single embryo transfer (eSET) represented only 2.63 % of fresh transfers, with a delivery rate of 32.15% per transfer. Elective double embryo transfer (eDET) represented 23.74% of transfers, with a delivery rate of 41.03% per transfer. Among babies born during this period 11,373 (62.6%) were singletons; 6,398 (35.2%) twins, and 391 (2.2%), triplets and more. Given the effect of multiple births on prematurity, morbidity and perinatal mortality, reinforcing the existing trend of reducing the number of embryos transferred is mandatory
Keywords: assisted reproductive technology, epidemiology, in vitro fertilization, Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injections, Latin America, pregnancy outcomes, registry
INTRODUCTION
The Latin American Registry of Assisted Reproduction (RLA) was established in 1990 as the first multinational and regional registry of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Yearly, a report is provided containing outcome of ART procedures performed by 159 institutions in 15 countries from Mexico in the north to Chile in the south. All institutions reporting to the registry need to be certified by an independent body before their data are accepted. The accreditation team consists of a clinician and a biologist from a different country who follows a pre-established protocol (www.redlara.com). The software developed for data registration and centralized reporting system has received several modifications over time. Since 2010, individualised case-by-case data are obtained, thus establishing the first cycle based multinational registry.
The main objectives of RLA are: a) Disseminate information on ART procedures performed in Latin America; which serves as an external quality control to be used by institutions performing ART in the region and for other regions of the world; b) Monitor outcomes, as well as trends in safety and efficacy. Monitoring these two variables contribute to developing better health interventions and developing appropriate public policies; and c) Empower infertile couples in their capacity to evaluate risks and benefits when requesting ART treatments, and developing a robust database for epidemiological studies. It is often very difficult for an infertile and sometimes vulnerable person, to understand the risks and benefits involved in the treatment offered. Access to an objective and external database is often well received by infertile persons when deciding if treatment should be undertaken, such as how many embryos to transfer.
This report corresponds to the 26th edition of RLA. Previous reports, from 1990 to 1998, are available as printed copies; from 1999 to 2009 as PDF files, which can be downloaded from the web page www.redlara.com. Today, reports are published simultaneously in RBM Online, and in the JBRA Assisted Reproduction, the official journal of REDLARA.
In this report we are communicating information on access, effectiveness, and perinatal outcomes of ART treatment initiated between 1st January 2014 and 31st December 2014, and babies born up to September 2015.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data on ART were collected from 159 centres in fifteen countries in Latin America (Supplementary Table I), covering initiated autologous cycles of in vitro fertilisation (IVF), intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), frozen embryo transfer (FET), fresh oocyte donation (Fresh OD), frozen oocyte donation (FET OD), pre implantation genetic diagnosis and screening, registered together as PGD, and fertility preservation (FP). Data on intrauterine insemination using husband (IUI-H) and donor (IUI-D) semen is also provided.
This report includes treatments started between 1st January 2014 and 31st December 2014. Data on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes are obtained from follow-up of the cohort treated during this time period. As part of the accreditation programme, all participating institutions agree to have their data registered and published by the Latin American Registry of ART. Therefore, no other consent form is requested for the scientific disclosure of this data.
The method of collecting data in 2014 is similar to that used in the previous three years, making results comparable. Briefly, each institution enters their data directly in an online RLA web-based system, with built-in algorithms for internal consistency. Any error or discrepancy, not identified by the software, is discussed and clarified by RLA's central office. Given that the RLA is a voluntary multinational registry, centres are not obliged to upload each case immediately when the cycle is initiated. Therefore, some cases are sent to the RLA upon patient recruitment while others are included retrospectively. This can indeed affect overall results because there could be a selection of predominantly those initiated cycles that advanced towards aspiration.
Definitions used refer to the glossary developed by the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2009). Preimplantation genetic diagnosis and screening are registered together as PGD.
When appropriate, a chi-squared test to analyse independence of categorical variables is used. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Relative risks are presented with the corresponding 95% confidence interval.
RESULTS
Participation
One hundred and fifty-nine centres in 15 countries reported ART procedures performed during 2014. The majority of centres were located in Brazil (n=54 clinics), Mexico (n=31 clinics), and Argentina (n=24 clinics) (Table 1).
Table 1. ART procedures reported to RLA and access in 2014.
Size of participating institutions
A total of 65,534 initiated cycles were reported, corresponding to IVF/ICSI, FET, Fresh OD, FET OD and fertility preservation (FP) cycles. The mean number of initiated cycles by institution was 379 (SD402). Of the reporting centres, 17% performed ≤100 cycles; 36% between 100 and 250 cycles; 24% between 251 and 500 cycles; 15% between 500 and 1,000 cycles; and 8% ≥1,000 cycles.
Number of treatment cycles per technique and availability
Out of 65,534 cycles reported during 2014, 38,086 corresponded to initiated IVF/ICSI cycles (1,592 more than in 2013, 4.4%); 13,545 initiated FET (2,633 more than in 2013; 24.1%); 11,194 initiated fresh OD and FET OD cycles (2,760 more than in 2013; 32.7%) and 2,709 initiated FP, (1093 cycles more than 2013; 67.6%) (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2016;b).
Of the 38,086 IVF/ICSI cycles, at least one metaphase-2 oocyte was recovered in 35,023 aspirations (92.00% of cases). The preferred method for insemination was ICSI (85.47%) and at least one embryo was transferred in 25,704 cases. The three main reasons for no embryo transfer were: 6,457 cases of total embryo cryopreservation, 1,391 cases of abnormal in vitro embryo development, and 1,218 cases of total fertilization failure. There were 253 cases where no normal embryos were obtained after PGD as well as other gamete/embryo abnormalities.
Availability of assisted reproductive techniques is still very low in Latin America; in 2014 it reached 116 initiated cycles per million people, ranging from 6 cycles per million in Dominican Republic to 348.8 cycles per million in Argentina (Table 1).
Outcome of pregnancies and deliveries
Table 2 shows the clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) and delivery rate (DR) per oocyte pick-up (OPU) in IVF/ICSI cycles. Both CPR and DR per OPU were higher in IVF cycles than in ICSI cycles (27.59% and 25.16%, p<0.001; 22.76%, and 20.40%, p<0.001, respectively). The CPR and DR per OPU increased considerably when cycles with total embryo cryopreservation were subtracted, reaching a DR/OPU of 27.4% for ICSI and 25.05% for IVF.
Table 2. Clinical pregnancy rate and delivery rate in IVF/ICSI cycles in 2014.
In fresh cycles, both CPR and DR per ET were higher in OD than in autologous cycles reaching 50.87% and 42.59%, respectively, in OD cycles (Table 3).
Also in FET cycles, both CPR and DR were higher when embryos were obtained from donated oocytes compared with autologous oocytes (37.92% versus 34.92%; 30.93%, versus 28.47%) (Table 3).
Table 3. Clinical pregnancy rate and delivery rate in IVF/ICSI cycles in 2014.
Age distribution
The mean age of women undergoing IVF/ICSI was 36.4 (SD4.5). The majority of cycles were performed in women aged 35 to 39 years (41.34%), followed by women aged 40 and older (23.35%); which means that 64.7% of women using autologous ART are ≥35years. The mean age of women undergoing fresh OD was 41.3 (SD5.1); and the majority of cycles were performed in women aged 40 years and older (67.3%). As expected the DR per embryo transfer decreased with advancing age in the case of IVF/ICSI, but not in fresh OD (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Comparison of delivery rate per embryo transfer IVF/ICSI and fresh OD cycles RLA 2014.
Number of embryos transferred and multiple births
Table 4 summarises the number of embryos transferred after IVF/ICSI, with a mean of 2.06 embryos (range 1-6). There were 4,691 single embryo transfers (SET), which correspond to 18.25% of all transfers (16.9% in 2013). Of these, only 675 were elective SET, representing a 2.63% of ET. There were 15,435 double embryo transfers (DET), which correspond to 60.05% of ET (57.2% in 2013). Of these, 6,103 were elective DET, a 23.74% of ET.
Table 4. Clinical pregnancy rate, delivery rate and gestational order according to the number of embryos transferred in IVF/ICSI cycles in 2014.
In women ≤34 years, the mean number of embryos transferred remained almost unchanged, at 2.01 embryos (range 1 to 5). In this age group 13.77% were SET, 72.01% DET, and in 13.44% TET (three embryos transferred); while more than TET occurred in 0.78% of transfers. In this age category the proportion of eSET accounted for 3.82% of ET, and eDET for 34.16% of ET. Overall the CPR per ET reached 35.08%, while the DR per ET reached 28.53%. Of the 7,334 deliveries registered, 78.31% were singletons, 20.78% were twins, and 0.92% were triplets and higher.
Table 5 summarises the number of embryo transfers in fresh OD, where the mean number of embryos transferred reached 2.17 (range 1-6). There were 499 SET, which correspond to 8.1% of ET (7.02% in 2013). Of these, 366 were eSET representing a 5.94% of ET. There were 4,281 DET, which correspond to 69.49% of ET (65.82% in 2013). Of these, 3,131 were eDET; a 50.82% of ET.
Table 5. Clinical pregnancy rate, delivery rate and gestational order according to the number of embryos transferred in fresh OD cycles in 2014.
Overall the CPR per ET reached 50.87%, while the DR per ET reached 42.59%. Of the 2,624 deliveries registered, 70.01% were singletons, 28.93% were twins, and 1.07% were triplets and higher.
Table 6 summarises the number of embryos transferred in FET, where the mean number of embryos transferred reached 2.06 (range 1-5). There were 2,917 SET, which correspond to 22.24% of ET (26.52% in 2013). There were 8,096 DET, which correspond to 61.74% of ET (61.84% in 2013). Overall the CPR per ET reached 34.92%, while the DR per ET reached 28.47%. Of the 3,734 deliveries registered, 80.34% were singletons, 18.93% were twins, and 0.72% were triplets and higher.
Table 6. Clinical pregnancy rate, delivery rate and gestational order according to the number of embryos transferred in FET in 2014.
Table 7 summarises the number of embryos transfers in FET OD, where the mean number of embryos transferred reached 1.95 (range 1-6). There were 670 SET, which correspond to 20.54% of ET (31.20% in 2013). There were 1,930 DET, which correspond to 59.17% of ET (37.69% in 2013). Overall the CPR per ET reached 37.92%, while the DR per ET reached 30.93%. Of the 1,009 deliveries registered, 78.59% were singletons, 20.71% were twins, and 0.69% were triplets and higher
Table 7. Clinical pregnancy rate, delivery rate and gestational order according to the number of embryos transferred in OD(FET) in 2014.
Outcome according to the number of ET and stage of development at transfer
In women ≤34years undergoing IVF/ICSI, the mean number of cleavage-stage embryos transferred was 2.05 (range 1-5) and 1.91 (range 1-4) when blastocysts were transferred. In fresh OD, the mean number of cleavage-stage embryos transferred was 2.32 (range 1-5) and 2.00 (range 1-6) when blastocysts were transferred.
We also analyzed DR/ET according to the number of embryos transferred and developmental-stage of embryo at transfer. In IVF/ICSI as well as in fresh OD, the transfer of blastocysts was always associated with an increase in the DR/ET compared to cleaving stage embryos transfers, irrespective of the number of embryos transferred. In the case of IVF/ICSI, the DR/ET reached 35.80% when blastocysts were transferred, and 26.02% when cleavage-stage embryos were transferred (RR 1.37, CI95% 1.32-1.43; p<0.0001). In the case of fresh OD, the DR/ET was 51.14% when blastocysts where transferred, and 28.47% when cleavage-stage embryos were transferred (RR 1.80, CI95% 1.72-1.88; p<0.0001).
When including all transfers, irrespective of the stage of development at transfer, DR/ET in IVF/ICSI, was 15.16% for one embryo, 31.88%, for two embryos and 30.51% when three-or-more embryos were transferred (one vs. two p<0.0001; two vs. three-and-more p=0.0591). Furthermore, elective single embryo transfer was associated to 32.15% DR/ET; while elective double embryo transfer was associated to 41.03% DR/ET.
In OD cycles, the DR/ET was 34.47 % in SET, compared with 43.26% and 43.45%, when two or three-or-more embryos were transferred, respectively (one vs. two p=0.0002; two vs. three-and-more p=0.9014).
We compared the DR/ET in oocyte recipients with that of women ≤34years old treated with IVF/ICSI (Figure 2). The DR/ET after the transfer of one cleaving-stage embryo in fresh OD was not significantly different from the DR/ ET after IVF/ICSI in women ≤34 (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.56-1.14). The DR/ET after the transfer of two cleaving-stage embryos was a slightly lower in fresh OD than after IVF/ICSI in women ≤34 (RR 0.92, CI95% 0.86-0.99; p=0.0339). The DR/ET after the transfer of one blastocyst in fresh OD was significantly higher than the DR/ET after IVF/ICSI in women ≤34 (RR 1.42, CI95% 1.18-1.70; p=0.0002). Furthermore, when two blastocysts were transferred, the DR/ET in fresh OD was also significantly higher than the DR/ET after IVF/ICSI in women ≤34 (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.06-1.20; p<0.0001).
Figure 2. DR per ET according to the number of embryos transferred and developmental stage of embryo(s) in women ≤34 years undergoing IVF/ICSI and women undergoing fresh OD, RLA 2014.
Perinatal outcome and complications
Table 8 summarises perinatal mortality. Data were available from 18,162 births. The perinatal mortality increased from 23 per 1,000 births in 11,373 singletons, to 35 per 1000 in 6,398 twins and 36 per 1000 in 391 triplets-and-higher. Overall, 37.38% of new-borns were multiple. In the case of fresh OD, this proportion increased to 46.58%; while in the case of IVF/ICSI in women younger than 35, the proportion of multiple babies reached 40.92% of the 4,506 new-borns.
Table 8. Perinatal mortality according to gestational order in 2014.
Gestational age at delivery was reported in 12,110 deliveries (82.34% of deliveries). The overall risk of preterm birth (gestational weeks 20-36), increased from 16.40% in singletons, to 55.02% in twins, and 76.00% in triplets and higher. Furthermore, the risk of very preterm birth (gestational weeks 20-27) increased from nil in singleton, to 2.16% in twins and to 4.80% in triplets and higher.
During 2014, 142 cases of severe OHSS requiring hospitalization or major medical interventions were reported, together with 45 cases of haemorrhage, and 20 cases of infection presumably associated with ovarian puncture. It is likely that these conditions are underreported and only the most severe cases are reported.
PGD/PGS
The RLA registers PGD and PGS together. 81 centres from 12 countries reported these procedures in 1,811 fresh cycles and 308 using cryopreserved embryo; resulting in 363 fresh embryo transfers and 261 FET. In fresh ET, a total of 117 clinical pregnancies were registered (32.23% per ET), and 85 deliveries (23.42% per ET). Corresponding figures for FET were 100 pregnancies (38.31% per ET) and 95 deliveries (36.40% per ET).
The DR per initiated cycle in fresh cycles was strongly associated with the age of the female partner. It reached 7.42% in women ≤34 years (31/418); 5.15% in women 35-39 years (37/719); 2.95% in women 40-42 years (14/475); and 1.51% in women ≥43 years (3/199). No ET due to absence of normal embryos also increased with the age of the woman: 13.16% (55 cases) in women ≤34 year, 19.47% (140 cases) in women 35-39 years; 31.16% (148 cases) in women 40-42 years; and 42.71% (85 cases) in women ≥43 years. Finally, DR per ET reached 27.19% (31/114), 26.81% (37/138), 16,87% (14/83), and 10.71% (3/28), respectively. Thus, the transfer of euploid blastocysts generates similar outcome in women up to the age of 39years. After that, other factors might be responsible for a drop in the DR/ET irrespective of the apparent chromosomal indemnity of embryos after PGD/PGS.
Fertility preservation (FP)
A total of 2,709 initiated cycles for FP were reported in 2014. The mean age of women was 36years, range 17 to 51years. In 35 cases no oocytes were cryopreserved. The mean number of oocytes cryopreserved was 7.0, range 1 to 39. In cases where the indication for FP was recorded, the majority were due to non-medical reasons (1,753 cases), while cancer related factors were reported in 156 cases.
Sum of fresh and frozen/thawed delivery rates (cumulative)
This calculation results by dividing the sum of fresh and FET deliveries by the number of initiated cycles in the same year. The increment in DR after adding FET to fresh deliveries reached 29.06% (27.93% in 2013). This increment, however, varied with the age of female partner. In women ≤34, DR/ET increased from 36.14% to 40.31%; in women 35-39, from 24.61% to 28.92%, in women 40-42 years, from 9.52% to 14.57%; and in women ≥43 years, from 3.85% to 8.80% (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Delivery rate per initiated cycle in IVF/ICSI and cumulative delivery according to the age of female partner, RLA 2014.
Overall, during 2014, 18,162 births were registered. Of these, 8,994 were born after IVF/ICSI cycles, while 4,497 were born out of FET, 3,439 after OD and 1,232 after FET OD. Furthermore, 11,373 (62.6%) babies were born singletons, 6,398 (35.2%) twins and 391 (2.2%) were born triplets and more (Table 8).
DISCUSSION
This is the 26th version of the RLA, which has been published continuously since 1990. There are various difficulties when analyzing a regional report consisting of voluntary participation by multiple institutions in several countries. In the absence of an enforceable registration policy, the RLA could be collecting a segment of the national or regional reality. This certainly affects the calculation of number of cycles per country; and also the results will represent a selection of institutions, presumably the best. Only institutions that are certified can report to the RLA, so every country has other centers that do not report because they have not or would not pass a strict accreditation process. Concerning access to ART, there is a sub-registry, which is very difficult to measure. Regional directors of REDLARA are asked to report on the estimated number of centers in each country and the proportion of centers reporting represent 50 to 60% of the number of institutions that supposedly provide ART treatments. Many of these small institutions exist for few years and then vanish. Nevertheless, the number of cycles reported is estimated to include more than 80% of treatments provided in the region because the vast majority of well-established and large institutions report to RLA. Therefore, the magnitude of under estimation in availability is thought to be small.
In this version, we found a 16% rise in the number of initiated cycles compared with the previous report. Nevertheless, access to ART remains very low (116 initiated cycles/million population), compared with 1000 to 2500 cycles per million population found in many European countries (Dyer et al., 2016). It is worth mentioning that Argentina is the first country in Latin America to have a law providing universal access to infertility treatment (Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de Argentina, 2013) and correspondingly is the country with the highest number of ART cycles per million population; followed by Chile and Uruguay. Uruguay is the second country with a law recognizing universal access to ART treatment (Poder Legislativo, República Oriental del Uruguay, 2013), we will probably see its impact in access in future report.
Overall, the rise in the number of initiated cycles resulted mostly by an increase in FET and OD cycles. The increase in FET cycles is in part associated with a higher proportion of cycles with total embryo cryopreservation and an increase in the proportion of SET, when compared with 2013 (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2016;b).
The delivery rate per OPU, after removing all cases with total freezing, for IVF (27.4%) and ICSI (25.05%) is comparable to 26.9% delivery rate per OPU for IVF/ICSI published by the US (CDC, 2016); and to 21.9% and 20.1% delivery per OPU, in IVF and ICSI, reported by the European Monitoring Consortium EIM (European IVF-Monitoring Consortium (EIM) for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) et al., 2016). It is not clear however, if the US data and the European data excludes cases with total freezing. In any case, the main issue still is the mean number of embryos transferred which is higher in centres reporting to the RLA than the majority of centres reporting to the EIM.
In general, reproductive efficiency measured as the chance of becoming pregnant after a treatment cycle, is very much influenced by the number of embryos, stage of embryo development at transfer and the health of the woman. Our data show that irrespective of the age of recipient, the transfer of blastocysts generated from healthy donors (OD) produce better outcome than blastocysts generated from similarly young women treated for infertility.
Although the mean number of embryos transferred has diminished over time, in case of IVF/ICSI, from 2.40 in 2010 to 2.06 in 2014, the numbers are still higher than in most western European countries. The proportion of SET and DET has increased, from 13.0 % and 45.2% in 2010 to 18.25% and 60.05% in 2014, respectively (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2012). Even in the presence of these auspicious improvements, young patients (i.e. under 35 years) with good prognosis treated with IVF/ICSI, and patients undergoing fresh OD, receive three or more embryos in 14.22% and 22.41% of ET respectively, which accounts for the high rate of multiple births, especially high order multiples.
As expected, multiple delivery rate was associated with an increase in the risk of perinatal death. Given that the majority of ART procedures are funded by the patient, the current explanation for transferring more embryos is the hope to improve the outcome of any given cycle in its first attempt. Recently, we have shown - using RLA's data, that the transfer of more than two embryos is not associated with a better outcome; on the contrary, it only increases the number of high-order deliveries (Schwarze & Crosby, 2017). However, the high perinatal mortality is not only associated with multiple births. In the last three years, trends in perinatal mortality have remained high even in singletons. In 2012 and 2013, perinatal mortality rate over 8,331 and 9,987 singleton births was 25.2 per thousand and 29.4 per thousand. It is difficult to interpret whether the drop to 23 per thousand over 11.373 singleton births reported for 2014 reflects better perinatal outcome.
Global perinatal mortality for South America, Central America and the Caribbean can be as high as 19, 22 and 31 per thousand respectively; but the populations are quite different (Organización Panamericana de La Salud, The Partnership for Maternal Newborn and Child Health, Gobierno de Chile Ministerio de Salud, 2008). On the one hand, the majority of births in these regions are in younger but less economically resourceful women; on the other hand, women treated with IVF represent a sub selection of older women capable of affording treatment. In autologous IVF/ICSI, 64.7% of cycles were performed in women ≥35 years and 23.35% were older than 40years; so in part, the high perinatal mortality can be partly influenced by an older population. Nevertheless, in general terms, perinatal mortality in births following ART treatments remains higher than in spontaneous pregnancies, and there are reports showing a 70% increase in perinatal death for IVF singletons compared with spontaneous pregnancies (Helmerhorst et al.,2004).
In the past 10 years, there has been a systematic effort to decrease the number of embryos transferred and thereby the proportion of high order multiple births. In 2004, 35.4% of all births were twins and 11.2% were triplets and higher. In 2009 the proportion of twins decreased to 33.8% while triplets and more dropped to 5% (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2011); while in 2014, the birth of twins and high order continues to drop to 20.78% and 0.92%, respectively. Latin America is moving in the right direction and we should pursue in educating both clinicians and patients towards reducing the number of embryos to transfer to a maximum of two embryos, especially in patients with good prognosis.
In conclusion, although we registered an increase in the number of ART cycles every year, access remains low but we expect to see major changes especially in countries such as Argentina and Uruguay with laws providing universal access to ART as part of a reproductive right. It is estimated that many other countries will follow their example, either through laws or other forms of regulation. This facilitated access should be accompanied by a tendency to treat younger women, with a shorter duration of infertility and therefore with higher chances of success when using SET and DET.
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Schwarze JE, Crosby JA. Transfer of more than two embryos, regardless of the age of the female partner, is not beneficial for neither the mothers nor the babies: lessons from the Latin American Registry of Assisted Reproductive Techniques. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2017;21:19-22.
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Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, de Mouzon J, Ishihara O, Mansour R, Nygren K, Sullivan E, van der Poel S; International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology; World Health Organization. The International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Revised Glossary on ART Terminology, 2009. Hum Reprod. 2009;24:2683-7.
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Zegers-Hochschild F, Schwarze JE, Crosby JA, Musri C, Urbina MT; Latin American Network of Assisted Reproduction (REDLARA). Assisted reproductive techniques in Latin America: the Latin American Registry, 2013. Reprod Biomed Online. 2016a;32:614-25.
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Supplementary Table 1. Centres reporting to Latin America Registry of ART in 2014